Background and aim: The normal adult testis is a paired organ in the scrotum, suspended by the spermatic cord. Both non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions can impact it. Non-neoplastic causes include cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, atrophy, epididymal-orchitis, and testicular cysts. Neoplastic lesions of the testis are rare, representing about 1% of all male cancers. The aim is to review the histomorphological features of all testicular lesions and their incidence, age distribution, and laterality.
Material and methods: This retrospective study was conducted over 18 months, from December 2022 to May 2024, in the histopathological section of the pathology department at RNT Medical College, Udaipur. One hundred forty orchidectomy specimens were received, and histopathological slides were prepared and examined.
Results: Of the 140 cases studied, 131 were non-neoplastic (93.6%), and nine were neoplastic (6.4%). Non-neoplastic lesions of the testis were most prevalent across all age groups, whereas malignancies were more common in the third decade of life. Among the non-neoplastic testicular lesions, 67 cases were due to prophylactic orchidectomy (47.9%), followed by 40 cases of testicular torsion (28.6%). Among the neoplastic lesions, the most common was mixed germ cell tumors (55.5%). The majority of cases were bilateral prophylactic orchidectomies; however, right-sided testicular lesions were more common when only a single testis was involved.
Conclusions: Non-neoplastic lesions were more common across all age groups, whereas testicular neoplastic lesions were more frequently found in younger individuals.