[1] Wang W, Qu Y, Chen H, Huang L, Gu L. The microbial co-infection interaction network in apical periodontitis with sinus tracts. Journal of Dentistry. 2025;153:105496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105496.
[2] Cingiz QK, Anvar RE, Nazim AG. Methods of treatment and diagnosis of chronic apical periodontitis. cultural science. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13969377.
[3] Setzer FC, Kratchman SI. Present status and future directions: Surgical endodontics. International endodontic journal. 2022;55(54):1020-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13783.
[4] Zahran S, Patel S, Koller G, Mannocci F. The impact of an enhanced infection control protocol on molar root canal treatment outcome–a randomized clinical trial. International Endodontic Journal. 2021;54(11):1993-2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13605.
[5] Sedani S, Kriplani S, Thakare A, Patel A, Thakare Jr A. The Hidden World Within: Microbial Dynamics in Root Canal Systems. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e60577. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.60577.
[6] Al Waqdani NH, Alomari M, Al-Dhalaan RM, Alwaqdani R. Decision making process by senior residents of Saudi Board in restorative dentistry for nonsurgical endodontic retreatment: A retrospective study. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2021;33(2):78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.005.
[7] Qamar S, Jayanna R, Ahuja VR. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, and triple antibiotic paste in different combination forms as intracanal medicaments against enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth: an in vivo randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2023;16(3):448-52. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2599.
[8] Al‐Hiyasat AS, El‐Farraj HS, Alebrahim MA. The effect of calcium hydroxide on dentine composition and root fracture resistance of human teeth: An in vitro study. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2021;129(4):e12798. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12798.
[9] Sogukpinar A, Arikan V. Comparative evaluation of four endodontic biomaterials and calcium hydroxide regarding their effect on fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2020;21(1):23-8. https://doi.org/10.23804/ejpd.2020.21.01.05.
[10] Sriprasart K, Wimonchit S. Fracture Resistance of Simulated Immature Teeth Filled with Three Types of Calcium Silicate Cement after Intracanal Medication with Ca (OH) 2: An Ex Vivo Study. International Journal of Dentistry. 2024;2024(1):8386533. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8386533.
[11] Wang Y, Fang L, Wang P, Qin L, Jia Y, Cai Y, et al. Antibacterial Effects of Silica Nanoparticles Loading Nano-silver and Chlorhexidine in Root Canals Infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Endodontics. 2025;51(1):54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2024.11.004.
[12] Sireesha A, Jayasree R, Vidhya S, Mahalaxmi S, Sujatha V, Kumar TS. Comparative evaluation of micron-and nano-sized intracanal medicaments on penetration and fracture resistance of root dentin–An in vitro study. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2017;104(Part B):1866-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.126.
[13] Arsene MM, Viktorovna PI, Alla MV, Mariya MA, Sergei GV, Cesar E, et al. Optimization of ethanolic extraction of Enantia chloranta bark, phytochemical composition, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and antimicrobial activity. Fermentation. 2022;8(10):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100530.
[14] Chalamalasetty SN. Physiochemical and Nanomanipulation Studies of Carbon Nanomaterials. 2012.
[15] Zhang S, Yang H, Wang M, Mantovani D, Yang K, Witte F, et al. Immunomodulatory biomaterials against bacterial infections: Progress, challenges, and future perspectives. The Innovation. 2023;4(6):100503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100503.
[16] Wu SH, Mou CY, Lin HP. Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chemical Society Reviews. 2013;42(9):3862-75. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS35405A.
[17] Mehmood A, Ghafar H, Yaqoob S, Gohar UF, Ahmad B. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a review. J. Dev. Drugs. 2017;6(02):100174. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000174.
[18] Vallet-Regí M, Schüth F, Lozano D, Colilla M, Manzano M. Engineering mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery: where are we after two decades?. Chemical Society Reviews. 2022;51(13):5365-451. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS00659B.
[19] Kankala RK, Han YH, Na J, Lee CH, Sun Z, Wang SB, et al. Nanoarchitectured structure and surface biofunctionality of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Advanced materials. 2020;32(23):1907035. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907035.
[20] Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj. 2021;372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
[21] Tran L, Tam DN, Elshafay A, Dang T, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Quality assessment tools used in systematic reviews of in vitro studies: A systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2021;21(1):101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01295-w.
[22] Wang S, Fang L, Zhou H, Wang M, Zheng H, Wang Y, et al. Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine respond to pH to suppress biofilm acids and modulate biofilms toward a non-cariogenic composition. Dental Materials. 2024;40(2):179-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.006.
[23] Mohammed AA, Ali AH. Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous calcium silicate and silver-incorporated mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties as a dental biomaterial. Results in Materials. 2024;22:100555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2024.100555.
[24] Fang L, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Zheng H, Wang Y, Qin L, et al. Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine to suppress Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm and modulate multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 2024;16(1):2361403. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2024.2361403.
[25] Nuti S, Fernández-Lodeiro A, Galhano J, Oliveira E, Duarte MP, Capelo-Martínez JL, et al. Tailoring mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles and polyurethane-doped films for enhanced antimicrobial applications. Nanomaterials. 2024;14(5):462. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14050462.
[26] Abbasi M, Gholizadeh R, Kasaee SR, Vaez A, Chelliapan S, Fadhil Al-Qaim F, et al. An intriguing approach toward antibacterial activity of green synthesized Rutin-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles decorated with nanosilver. Scientific reports. 2023;13(1):5987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33095-1.
[27] Leng D, Li Y, Zhu J, Liang R, Zhang C, Zhou Y, et al. The antibacterial properties and mechanism of nanosilver and nanozinc incorporated mesoporous calcium-silicate nanoparticles. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19767/v1.
[28] Lu MM, Wang QJ, Chang ZM, Wang Z, Zheng X, Shao D, et al. Synergistic bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine-loaded, silver-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017;12:3577-89.
[29] Wang L, Melo MA, Weir MD, Xie X, Reynolds MA, Xu HH. Novel bioactive nanocomposite for Class-V restorations to inhibit periodontitis-related pathogens. Dental materials. 2016;32(12):e351-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.023.
[30] Akram Z, Aati S, Ngo H, Fawzy A. pH-dependent delivery of chlorhexidine from PGA grafted mesoporous silica nanoparticles at resin-dentin interface. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00788-6.
[31] Lu MM, Ge Y, Qiu J, Shao D, Zhang Y, Bai J, et al. Redox/pH dual-controlled release of chlorhexidine and silver ions from biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles against oral biofilms. International journal of nanomedicine. 2018:7697-709.
[32] Rajeshwari HR, Dhamecha D, Jagwani S, Rao M, Jadhav K, Shaikh S, et al. Local drug delivery systems in the management of periodontitis: A scientific review. Journal of Controlled Release. 2019;307:393-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.038.